H h hackstedde



March 29, 1932. v HACKSTEDDE 1,851,388

APPARATUS FOR MIXING, DEVELOPING, AND CONDITIONING DOUGH Filed Jan. 4,1930 7 Sheets-Sheet 1 March 29, 1932..

APPARATUS FOR MIXING,

Filed Jan. 4, 1930 'T Sheets-Sheet 2 r March 29, 1932" H. H. HACKSTEDDE1,851,388

APPARATUS FOR MIXING, DEVELOPING, AND CONDITIONING DOUGH Filed Jan. 4.1930 7 Sheets-Sheet 3 FM a a (7 I u raw-012 HIILHacEsZ'edde,

March 29, 1932. HACKSTEDDE 1,851,388

APPARATUS FOR MIXING, DEVELOPING, AND CQNDITIONUIG DOUGH Filed Jan. 4.1930 '7 Sheets-Sheet 4 March 29, 1932. H. H. HACKSTEDDE APPARATUS-FORMIXING, DEVELOPING, AND CONDITIONING DOUGH Fild Jan. 4, 1930 7Sheets-Sheet 5 I March 29, 1932 H. H. IHACIKSTEDDE 1,351,383

APPARATUS FOR MIXING, DEVELOPING, AND CONDITIONING DOUGH Filed Jan. 4,1930 7 Sheets-Sheet 6 I March 29, 1932. H. H. HACKSTEDDE APPARATUS FORMIXING, DEVELOPING, AND CONDITIONING DOUGH Filed Jan. 4. 1930 7Sheets-Sheet 9 end of the shaft 35, .there is provided a pulleyorsprocket 36 fromwhich a beltor sprocket:

tain the dough in a proper position "for, efe fective 'worki-ng'thereofby-the element 23;,

a The rotary motion is imparted to the composite mixing device from'an-electric motor .;31,shown in Figures 1 and 4 of the drawings;Thismotoris provided with a drive pulley; or sprocket 32, shown inFigure1, a from" which a belt or sprocket chain 33leads to sprocket 34 on ashaft 35journalled at opposite ends in'thestandards 2 and Oneach chain37 leads'to a large pulley 'or sprocket T A slightly difierent form ofdrive in Figureslb and 6, and includes an electric: motor 39 providedwith a pinion 40 in-inesh with a gear4l ,carriedby a shaft 42 jourjacentshaft 18, whereby eachicross-head 17" wheel 38 carried by theouter end of the shaft 18, whereby arelatively slow but powerful rotarymotion will'beimparted to the shaft 18.; It will of course be understoodthat similar pulleys 36 -and '38 and a drive belt or chain; 37 areprovided within thehollow standard 3, whereby both cross-heads 17 .aresimulta=- neously and independentlyrotated with a slow butpowerfulmotion, I

nalled at opposite endsin the inner walls of the standardsj2 and '3. Theshaft 42carries,

withinieach hollow standard, apinion 43 in mesh with a large gear 44carried by the adisindependently driven with aslow but powerful motion;It will here be noted that the i wormwheel 13, the worm 14and the shaft15, in the arrangement shown in'Figures 5 and 6, i

are located at the outer side of they gear 44,

whereasin the arrangement shown in Figures ;1 to- 4 -1nclus1ve, thesesame members are located between the 11I11'1eB W'allf of the standard 2and the drive belt 37.

For the, purpose of" preventing leakage from the interior of the bowl 4-outwardly thru each-"bearing and also leakageof'the lubricant inwardlyinto the interior of the bowl, there is provided means, best shown inFigure 6, to, accomplish this result, which includeswashers 45 embracingtheinnerend of the bearing sleeve 7 with one of the washers engaging theadjacent face of thecros's head 17. Inward pressure is exerted against.these washers by springs 46 mounted in bores, or openings47extendinglongitudinal thru thesleeve 7. Each spring is held. in placeby a screw; threaded plug48 fitted into the screw threaded outer endofthe bore, where-f by the tension of each spring may be adjusted so asto apply the necessary pressure to the groupof washers 45 to prevent'theescape or leakage of liquid from thebowl through the bearing; Ifdesired, a pin 49 may be employed to" prevent rotation of the washerv 7member; which bears against cross-head 17.,

,Lubrication may be supplied to the, hear;

ing bearing through a: longitudinal passage, 5Q formedjin the shaft. 18andleading in) is shown wardly :fronr thev outer; end' thereof a toacross passage 51 opening thruthe exterior.- of the shaft. Ar suitableoil port 52 is pro vided through" the inner end of the'sleeve 19andleading to a recess 53'inthe exterior of the sleeve and. withinrthe'shaft opening in thei-cross-head l7. Anioil chamber 54. is provided inthe inner-walls orthe sleeve 7.

A slightly modified form ,of bearing for the bowl 4 is illustrated inFigure, 4 of the drawings, wherein it will be seen that instead ofhaving a'separate sleeve 7, as in F igure 6, thesleeve and. thehub 6 areintegral.

1 The shape or confi urationuof,thebowl in a plane atiright'angles'tothe axis of rotation of thecompos'ite mixlngndevlce is an 1111 porta-ntfeature of this'inventiomand is well shown in, FiguresEZand "3 of thedrawings,

The bowl is U-shaped in vertical 'cross-section, nott'ruly cylindrical,aswill 'be'undere stood by reference-to Figure 2, wherein the dottedcircle A indicates the path of the out-1 side of-the member 23 while thedotted circle B is also, scribed from the axis of rotation of the doughmixing: device and is intended for:

comparison with the shapeof the bowl. It

to the bowl at a point near the bottom ther of,"as at D, than to thetopand the front and 1 back walls thereof, f'so-that there is a crescentshapedspace designated C. between theback wall of the bowl and-the pathsof the mem-j bers 23, 26 and 29 fora purpose as will hereinafter-appear.The lower front wall of the: bowl is bowed outwardly, as at 55,'toprovide;

an enlarged collecting space at the lower :front portion; of thebowl toaccommodate:

the dough and enable. the collection there of in ainanner and for thewill be hereinafter described. a t I I For thepurpose of introducing thewater,

flour and other ingredients, the t portion of the bowl isi normallylyegistrersl will be noted that the shaft 18 or axisof 1-0 tation'ol themixing device,is below the hori- 'zontal center of the bowl, so that thepaths l of the elements'23, 26, and'29 come closer purpose which;

front of the bowl and is normallyclosed by a lid or-door 59 hinged as atISO-upon the frontof ;the hopper 57. A'suitable handle bar 62 isprovided upon the front-lower portion of the lid or ,door 59 forconvenience in 5 I lifting th'esame; The counterweighted arm 61'w1llsupportthe,lidoredoor 59in its open, orelevated positiomas shownin-VFigure of the drawings,"when'the bowl has beentilted fromitsoperative upright position as shown in Figure 2, to its dumpingposit-ion;

as shown "in Figure 3.-i The lower edge v.of'

the lid or door 59 meets the upper edge of the opening 56 in the bowl ina beveled joint so as to insure a tight fit between these parts and tohold the door closed, as it is important 3 to prevent the escape ofingredients in the Y ported by the inner end portions of the two sleeves19 at opposite ends of the bowl. It

will therefore be understood that the weight of the cross-heads 17 andtheir connecting parts does not come upon the stub shafts 18,

but upon the inner projecting ends ofthe sleeves 19 and consequentlythere is no tendency of the shafts to tilt longitudinally within thesleeves and become worn by the cutting action of the end edges of thesleeves.

This improved construction obviates the necessity of frequentreplacements of the I as stub shafts 18.

In using the apparatus of the present in- Vention, it will of course beunderstood that water, flour, yeast and any other desired ingredientsare introduced into the bowl thru the opening in the top thereof, andthen the electric motor is started so as to rotate the mixing device. Itis, of course, desirable to form the flour, water and other ingredientsinto a plastic mass as quickly as possible. and

at the same time to agitate the materials so as to bring about a uniformdistribution of all'the ingredients. In this connection, it will beexplained, by reference to Figure 2 of the drawings, wherein the dottedline E indicates the level of the liquid and F indicates the top of thedry ingredients, that the roller 23 presents a large surface to the dryingredients and forces the latter into the liquid on the downwardmovement of the roller at the back of the bowl, which results in a veryquick and uniform incorporation of the dry ingredients with the liquid.

Following the action of the roller 23 comes the action of the cross-bar29 which presents its fiat face to the top surface of the dryingredients, as indicated in dotted lines in F igure 2 of the drawings,due to the crank mountings of the ends of the bar. Inasmuch as the barnecessarily trails the pivotal axis of its crank terminals, such crankterminals are disposed at an obtuse angle to the main portionof the barand operate to force the ingredients inwardly in opposite directionsfrom the ends of the bowl towards the center.

thereof. v

Following the action of the bar 29 comes the action of the rigidcross-bar 26, which passes downwardly thru the dry ingredients and thewater and causes an effective agitation thereof, in addition to which,and by reason of the lengthwise inclination of the opposite halfsections of the bar, the ingredients are forced or crowded inwardly inopposite directions from the opposite ends of the bowl. It will herelie-explained that by reason of the comparatively large surface of theroller 23 which is presented to the dry ingredients, there is a forcingof such dry ingredients into the liquid as distinguished from priorpractice wherein agitation devices presenting relatively narrow surfacesmerely cut thru the lnaterials'and stir them as in stirring with aspoon. The agitator bar 26 has an action similar to that of the roller23 because'of the comparatively large surface 28 thereof which ispresented toand works upon the dry ingredients as the bar passesdownwardly at the back of the bowl. In the initial mixing stage, theroller 23 does not rotate upon its axis or the reason that the rollerpasses downwardly thru' the dry ingredients and the liquid which presentsubstantially equal pressures at opposite sides of the roller such thatthere is no tendency of the roller to rotate on its axis. This isimportant in that there would be a scattering'of the ingredients aroundthe bowl if there was a positive rotation of the roller on its axisduring the initial stages of the mixing of the ingredients.

The mixing operations of the roller 23 and the bars 26 and 29, which ofcourse include the compressing of the dry ingredients into the liquid,are so effective that the ingredients are formed into a plasticmass inabout 15 seconds. Hitherto, so far as I am aware, the mixing of dryingredients and liquid into a plastic mass has usually required from oneto two minutes.

The action'of theapparatus on the plastic mass formed as the result ofthe mixing oper ation will be readily understood by reference.

to Figures 8 to 22 inclusive, which'show the action on the dough mass atapproximately one-fifth second intervals. \Vhile the crossbars 26 and 29have a working or kneading effect upon the mass of dough, they also movethe dough around the bowl, while the roller 23 rolls over the doughwhile the latter is sta tionary and compresses it against the walls ofthe bowl in the manner indicated in the drawings. The mixing makes acomplete revolution or cycle during each second of operation of theapparatus, as

will be readily seen by an inspection of Fig- 11 res 8 to 22 inclusive,but it takes about three cycles to move the batch of dough entirelyaround the bowl so that the kneading roller 23 operates a plurality oftimes upon the dough while the latter is making one complete cycle ofmovement around the bowl. It

will noted that there is no ribboning and and kneading device tearingofithe dough massfb ut on the "contrary there is a working or kneadingor compression of :the idoughiagainst the walls of bowl where'thedoughis pressed against the the bowl.

During a singlerycle :of the working and mixing device,suchfor'instanceashas been shown iii-Figures 8 to 12 inclusive, the agitator bars26 and29 operate to carry the batch 'of doughfr'omi the upper front portionofthe. I

bowl across the top thereof to the back of the back'of the bowl by themembers 26 and 29, after whichthe roller 23 comes into workingengagement with the mass of dough andcompresses it against the back wallof the'bowl and rolls over the surface ofthe dough as-in-- dicatedinFigures-10, 11 and 12. About as soon' as the'roller 23 clears the lowerend'ot the batch of dough, see Figure. 12, the bars 126 and 29 againcome into. engagement with. theidou gh -and effect a'punching andkneadiing action upon the'plastic mass as illustrated ini'Figuresl andL": Also the bars26- and l 1,29 effect a feecling acti'onajupon theplastic mass to move the: same inan orbit around the bowl. Itwillherebeexplained that the bars 26 and 29 effect an intermittentfeeding or moving of the plasticmass inan-orbit around-the interior ofthe bowl, and that the mass' is station ary, or substantially so, in theintervals between, 'the' feeding movements thereof, The roller 23.?act supon the plastic inventionqi's' the folding; over of the dough mass uponitself; as, illustrated in Figures 9 and 10, and {13"and 145. In thecondition shown in Figure 9 .withfthe bars 26 and 29 adjacent the lowervend ofthe dough, the upper portion'of the dough unsupportedand-therefore foldsdownwardly upon the lower portionof'the dough,as inFigure 10,- whereupon. the roller 23" comes along and pressestogether'the folded over portions of operation of. the apparatus, asshown in Figure 14.1 Immediately; succeeding the 'action'of the bars-26fand 29, as shownin Figures 13 and 14:, which actionadvances the- 0 doughalong the bottom of the bowl from.

" the doughtherebyclosely siinulating hand manipulation of the dough ina simple and eff cient manner, and accomplishing hymefchanical' means"that which, has heretofore been accomplished by hand manipulation.

This lapping over or folding of thedough is also accomplished, .atanother stage of the the back to the frontthereof, the rollingcompressing actionofthe roller 23 -isexerted as in Figures 15,16 and 17.Then the bars 26 and 29 again come into play,v as in Figures 1,8 and'19, so as to move the dough'upwardly 1 apparatus.

along the from; an of'the bowl, and then the roller23 rollsover thedough and compresses it against the frontwall of thebowl; During that ifthere are any separate portions of dough, they will be gathered togetherin the collecting space and united with the main I a mass of dough,thereby tomaintain the dough ina mass and insure the treatment thereofas aunit by the bars 26and 29 andthe roller 23 in thevariousistages ofoperation of the It willv now be understood that the bars 26 andQQ'intermittently adyance the dough Y mass as a unit in an orbit aroundthe "bowl andat theisame time knead and work the dqugh; while the'roller23 wipes across the surface'of the'dough with 'a rollingjnaction,

the advancing off the dough'upwardlyf from the bottom of the :bowlacross the front wall thereof, a very importantfeature results in in theintervals between the advancing action of the bars 26 and 27 and whilethe dough mass-is stationary, thereby effecting compression of the doughagainst the, walls of the:

bowl without producing any'surface stretch-' ing or tearing ofthe'dough.

tion er Figure 9,, the dough'is merely carried acrosslfl e upper"portion of the bowl from the front'tothe back bythe bars 26 and'29'withoutany intended or'appreciable worlri'ng of the dough against thetopof the bowl.-

Ihe dough is worked and compressed against F rom' the position of'Figure'S to'theposithe back; bottom and front wallsonly of the bowlyandis. merelycarried across the upper portion of the bowl without anyintentional working thereof againstthe topof 'thebowl.

Tlie mixing developing andfconditioning device bf the present apparatusmakes about three complete cycles while the dough mass as a 1unit isbeingmoved only once aroundthe mass. by the cross-bars 26 and'29 and theroller produces an important deyelopm'ent'of the,

gluten which results ina strengthening of In'the second stage of theoperation ofthe apparatus, the peculiar working of the dough the wallsofthe cell structure ofthedough,

whichincreased wall strength enables the cell wallsitoabsorb and carrymaterially :more

weight of the moisture than with "prior meth ods, thereby giving thebaked breadthe qual ity of maintaining its freshness for a much longertime than ordinary. The present manner of workingthedough'has a strengtheningeffect thereon -similartothatyproduced inforging metal: Ithas beenfound in pr c. tice thatby reason of thepresent method of hydration anddevelopment vof the gluten, there" is-.i'1o danger of over-developmentby running the apparatus longer than is necesp moisture withoutbrealnngdown'underthe 'jsary forthe desiredhydration anddevelopment. Asa ma'tteriof fact the-"prolong'ed 1 operation of the apparatus resultsmer'ely' in a further strengthening of the cell walls,

of the roller 23.

lVith a more uniform grain or cell structure.

ordinary methods and apparatus, excessive working of the dough willresult in ribboning, stretching and tearing of the dough and thebreaking down of the cell walls, thereby liberating moisture andproducing a noticeable softening of the dough and an exterior which iswet and sticky to the touch. \Vith the present method, there is noribboning of the dough; there is a high moisture content but withoutwetness or stickiness to the touch;

and a materially increased cell-wall strength producing resiliency,flufliness and life in the dough mass. Also,-as the dough is maintainedin a'unitary and dry mass, it may be dumpedcleanly as a unit from thebowl without leaving any dough portions clinging to the bowl walls andto the mixing and developing device. A further very important fea- ,tureof the present invention resides in. the dough gathering action of thebars 26 and 29followed by the compression rolling action Ashereinbeforedescribed the bar 29 necessarilvtrails its pivot termi- .nals,:consequently the obtusely disposed crank ends 30 will force or crowd thedough from the ends of thebowl inwardly towards the center thereof'andthus prevent the dough from collecting in the end portions of the bowlwhere the cross-heads 17 rot-ate; Hence the cross-head's 17 rotate inspaces entirely free from dough sothat there is no collecting of thedough upon the cross-heads. The oppositely inclined portions of the bar26 also force the dough towards the center of the bowl and form it intoa unitary mass having a substantially convex outer face or raised at itscentenas illustrated inFigure 23, after which the roller 23 travelsacross the convex face or raised'center of the mass with a rollingcompressing action that flattens out the mass which is thereafter againgathered together by the action of the cross-bars. Thus there is anintermittent feeding and gathering together of the dough into a heapedup convexed mass by the cross-bars, followed immediately by the rollingcompressive action of the roller in each stationary interval of thedough mass between successive feeding or advancing movements thereof.

What is claimed is:

1. A dough working apparatus, comprising a bowl, means for bodily movinga dough mass in an orbit around the bowl in contact with the wallsthereof, means for imparting a succession of rolling compressive actionsupon the dough between the intermittent movements thereof, and means toprevent ribboning of the dough around the means for compressmglthedough.

mass. inan orbit around the bowl in contact portions of thedough fromcollecting at the a. succession of rolling compressive actions upon thedough between the intermittent movements thereof, and means to prevent7) axis of the path of bodily movement of the dough. Y

'3. A dough working apparatus, comprising abowl, a pair of spacedrotatable crossheads mounted within the bowl, a dough 'i i workingroller rotatably mounted between the cross-heads at one side of the axisthereof and spaced cross-bars extending between the other ends of thecross-heads and disposed to work upon and feed a mass of dough it aroundthe bowl in contact with the walls thereof, one ofsaid cross-bars havingcrank terminals rotatably mounted upon the crossheads. I

4. A dough working ap aratus,comprising 95 a bowl, spaced cross-headsrotatably mounted in the bowl, a dough working roller rotatablymountedbetween the cross-heads at one side of axis of rotation thereof, and apair of cross-bars extending between the otherends of the cross-heads,the opposite half-sections of one the cross-bars being inclined inopposite directions. and the other cross-bar having crank terminalspivotally mounted upon the cross-heads.

In a dough working apparatus, the combination of'a bowl, a pair ofrotatable crossheads mounted therein on a horizontal axis,

a dough working roller rotatably mounted between corresponding ends ofthe cross- 1 heads, and cross-bars connecting the other ends of thecross-heads, one of said cross-bars having crank terminals pivotallymounted upon the cross-heads, the lower front wall of the bowl having anoutwardly bulged portion defining a dough collecting space.

6. A dough working apparatus, comprising a bowl, means forintermittently moving a dough mass in an orbit around the bowl incontact with the walls thereof, and other means for imparting asuccession of rolling compressive actions upon the dough mass betweenthe intermittent movements thereof, the loweriupright portion of one ofthe'walls of the bowl being provided with an outward- ].y' bulgedportionforming a dough collecting space; i

HERBERT H. HACKSTEDDE.

L. HAMMOND 1,851,389

TABLE March 29, 1932.

Filed Aug. 15. 1929 5 Sheets-Sheet al fto'znm o

